Written by Mariatul Huda Binti Jamsari 66572
Forgiveness
Definition :
Forgiveness in design helps prevent errors before they happen, and minimizes the bad consequences of errors when they do occur. Forgiving designs provide a sense of security and stability.
Intention :
help people avoid making mistakes and warn users of danger ahead.
Allow users to compare where they are going before they make the final decision. Enabling the user to preview the changes that will occur is a powerful technique to prevent unexpected results.
Example :
- undo function in software
- pilot ejection seat in aircraft
- uniquely shaped plug that can only be inserted into the appropriate receptacle.
Explanation from Illustration above :
The sign “Jangan buka BAHAYA” indicates that if we turn on the switch there will be something bad happen. By doing that people will not turn on the switch and the bad thing will not occur. This thing clearly help people avoid making mistakes and warn users of danger ahead.
Hick’s Law
Definition :
Hick’s Law predicts that the time and the effort it takes to make a decision, increases with the number of options. Describes the time it takes for a person to make a decision as a result of the possible choices he or she has. The time required to make a decision is a function of the number of available options.
Intention :
It is used to estimate how long it will take for people to make a decision when presented with multiple choices. Use Hick’s Law when response times are critical. It applies to any simple decision making with multiple options. This is especially important in control system environments.
Example :
- For example, a user may already have made a decision before seeing the stimuli. In that instance, the time it takes for him/her to act is likely to be less than if he/she had not already determined a course of action.
- design of software menus, control displays, way finding layout and signage, and emergency response training.
Explanation from Illustration above :
The multiple choices of buttons on the scientific calculator increase the time for someone to make a decision. Hick’s Law predicts that the greater the number of alternative buttons, the longer it will take to make the decision and select the correct one.
Iconic Representation
Definition :
The representation of objects and experiences as images based on sensory impressions. The use of pictorial images to make actions, objects, and concepts in a display easier to find, recognize, learn, and remember. There are four types of iconic representation: similar, example, symbolic, and arbitrary.
Intention :
To improve the recognition and recall of sign and control. Also, reduces performance load, conserves display and control area, and makes signs and controls more understandable across cultures.
Example :
- Key signs or symbols
- Mnemonics
- Visual maps
- Arbitrary icons
Explanation from Illustration above :
The symbols above indicates different meaning for each. The symbols make signs and controls more understandable.
Cognition & Design 